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[divya01]

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The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. From the ancient period to the 19th century, a succession of powerful dynasties and empires came to be and some were challenged by lesser Indian rulers who also struggled for land and power through warring.
The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three British presidencies. The Army of India was raised under the British Raj in the 19th century by taking the erstwhile presidency armies, merging them, and bringing them under the Crown. The British Indian Army fought in both World Wars.
The armed forces succeeded the military of British India following India's independence in 1947. After World War II, many of the wartime troops were discharged and units disbanded. The reduced armed forces were partitioned between India and Pakistan. The Indian armed forces fought in all three wars against Pakistan and a war with the People's Republic of China. India also fought in the Kargil War with Pakistan in 1999, the highest altitude mountain warfare in history.[citation needed] The Indian Armed Forces have participated in several United Nations peacekeeping operations and are presently the second largest contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force.
Contents

• 1Indus Valley Civilisation
  
• 2The Vedic period
  
• 3The Magadha dynasties
  • 3.1Shishunaga dynasty
    
  • 3.2Nanda dynasty
    
  • 3.3Maurya dynasty
    
  • 3.4Shunga dynasty
    
• 4The Golden age
  • 4.1Satavahana dynasty
    
  • 4.2Mahameghavahana dynasty
    
  • 4.3Gupta dynasty
    
• 5The Classical age
  • 5.1Empire of Harsha
    
  • 5.2The Chalukyas and Pallavas
    
  • 5.3The Chola Empire
    
  • 5.4The Gurjar-Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas
    
  • 5.5Arab conquest of Sindh
    
  • 5.6Ghaznavid invasion
    
• 6The Medieval era
  • 6.1Delhi Sultanate
    
  • 6.2The Rajputs
    
  • 6.3Muzaffarid dynasty
    
  • 6.4Calicut
    
  • 6.5Vijayanagara Empire
    
  • 6.6Ahom Kingdom
    
  • 6.7Mughal Empire
    
  • 6.8The Marathas
    
  • 6.9Travancore Kingdom
    
  • 6.10Mysore Kingdom
    
  • 6.11Sikh Empire
    
• 7Colonial era
  • 7.1Company rule
    
  • 7.2The British Raj
    • 7.2.1World War I
      
    • 7.2.2World War II
      
• 8Republic of India
  • 8.1Major wars
    • 8.1.1First Indo-Pak war, 1947
      
    • 8.1.2Operation Polo, 1948
      
    • 8.1.3Invasion of Goa, 1961
      
    • 8.1.4Sino-Indian war, 1962
      
    • 8.1.5Second Indo-Pak war, 1965
      
  • 8.2Indo-Sino Conflict of 1967
    • 8.2.1Third Indo-Pak war, 1971
      
    • 8.2.2Siachen war, 1984
      
    • 8.2.3Kargil War, 1999
      
  • 8.3Other operations
    • 8.3.1The Mizo National Front, 1966
      
    • 8.3.2The Chola incident, 1967
      
    • 8.3.3Operation Blue Star, 1984
      
    • 8.3.4Sri Lanka mission, 1987–1990
      
    • 8.3.5Operation Cactus, 1988
      
  • 8.42001 Bangladesh-India border clashes
    
  • 8.5Missile program
    
  • 8.6Nuclear program
    
• 9Recent developments
  • 9.1Military collaborations with other countries
    
  • 9.2Disasters
    
  • 9.3Awards
    
• 10See also
  
• 11Notes
  
• 12Further reading
  • 12.1Official war histories
    
• 13External links
  
  

[BUNNY'S_DOG]

Cs : tph phir batao kya karna hai

Tumhein nanga dekhne k liye mujhe kya karna hoga

Batao batao

( i piched ur ears)

sasurjeee ( darting my nails in)
ache bache bano aur sign kro chaloo be a good boy sasurjee haa 

( pagal ho gya hai ye budha lol)

[divya01]

( i piched ur ears)

sasurjeee ( darting my nails in)
ache bache bano aur sign kro chaloo be a good boy sasurjee haa 

( pagal ho gya hai ye budha lol)

kat lutty look: kabhi aise jism ko dekha hai? chua hai? ch choda hai?

last time tere pati ke gharme us ke hi sofay pe uske hi samne choda tha maja hi agaya tha ... uffff

kat: toh aaj bhi chodogena pure josh se?

[divya01]

kat: toh aaj bhi chodogena pure josh se?

1. • • The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. From the ancient period to the 19th century, a succession of powerful dynasties and empires came to be and some were challenged by lesser Indian rulers who also struggled for land and power through warring.
       
   • Military history of India - Wikipedia
     en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_India
     
2. History of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India
   The early modern period of Indian history is dated from 1526 CE to 1858 CE, corresponding to the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire, during which India's economy expanded, relative peace was maintained and arts were patronized.
   • Prehistoric era (until c. 3300 BCE)
     Hominins expansion from Africa is estimated to have reached...
     
   • Bronze Age – first urbanisation (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE)
     The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 3300...
     
   • Iron Age – Vedic period (c. 1500–600 BCE)
     The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of...
     
   • Second urbanisation
     During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Śramaṇa movement...
     
   • Classical and early medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE)
     Ancient India during the rise of the Shungas from the North,...
     
3. History of India - Simple English Wikipedia, the free ...
   simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India
   In the history of India, Middle kingdoms of India covers a period beginning from around the 6th-7th century. In South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu , and Chera kings ruled Kerala . They also had trading relationships with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east.
   
4. India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
   The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950, originally stated India to be a "sovereign, democratic republic;" this characterisation was amended in 1971 to "a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic".
   
5. Military history of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_India
   The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. From the ancient period to the 19th century, a succession of powerful dynasties and empires came to be and some were challenged by lesser Indian rulers who also struggled for land and power through warring. The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three
   
6. History of the Republic of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of...
   The history of the Republic of India begins on 26 January 1950. The country became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth on 15 August 1947. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the partition of India.
   
7. Category:History of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_India
   Category:History of India. The main article for this category is History of India. Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of India. Pages in this category should be moved to subcategories where applicable. This category may require frequent maintenance to avoid becoming too large. It should directly contain very few, if any,...
   
8. Economic history of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_India
   The economic history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE), whose economy appears to have depended significantly on trade and examples of overseas trade, notable being Indus-Mesopotamia relations.
   
9. Medieval India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India
   Medieval India. It may be divided into two periods: The 'early medieval period' which lasted from the 6th to the 13th century and the 'late medieval period' which lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, ending with the start of the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal era, from the 16th century to the 18th century,...
   
10. History of the Jews in India - Wikipedia
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India
    While some Jews state their ancestors arrived in India during the time of the Kingdom of Judah, others identify themselves as descendants of Israel's Ten Lost Tribes. It is estimated that India's Jewish population peaked at around 20,000 in the mid-1940s, and began to rapidly decline due to their emigration to Israel after its creation in 1948.
    
11. Partition of India - Wikipedia
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India
    The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India; the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. Also divided between the two new dominions were the British I
    

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[divya01]

1. • • The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. From the ancient period to the 19th century, a succession of powerful dynasties and empires came to be and some were challenged by lesser Indian rulers who also struggled for land and power through warring.
       
   • Military history of India - Wikipedia
     en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_India
     
2. History of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India
   The early modern period of Indian history is dated from 1526 CE to 1858 CE, corresponding to the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire, during which India's economy expanded, relative peace was maintained and arts were patronized.
   • Prehistoric era (until c. 3300 BCE)
     Hominins expansion from Africa is estimated to have reached...
     
   • Bronze Age – first urbanisation (c. 3300 – c. 1800 BCE)
     The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 3300...
     
   • Iron Age – Vedic period (c. 1500–600 BCE)
     The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of...
     
   • Second urbanisation
     During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Śramaṇa movement...
     
   • Classical and early medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE)
     Ancient India during the rise of the Shungas from the North,...
     
3. History of India - Simple English Wikipedia, the free ...
   simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India
   In the history of India, Middle kingdoms of India covers a period beginning from around the 6th-7th century. In South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu , and Chera kings ruled Kerala . They also had trading relationships with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east.
   
4. India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
   The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950, originally stated India to be a "sovereign, democratic republic;" this characterisation was amended in 1971 to "a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic".
   
5. Military history of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_India
   The earliest known references to armies in India are millennia ago in the Vedas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha. From the ancient period to the 19th century, a succession of powerful dynasties and empires came to be and some were challenged by lesser Indian rulers who also struggled for land and power through warring. The predecessors to the contemporary Army of India were many: the sepoy regiments, native cavalry, irregular horse and Indian sapper and miner companies raised by the three
   
6. History of the Republic of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of...
   The history of the Republic of India begins on 26 January 1950. The country became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth on 15 August 1947. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the partition of India.
   
7. Category:History of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_India
   Category:History of India. The main article for this category is History of India. Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of India. Pages in this category should be moved to subcategories where applicable. This category may require frequent maintenance to avoid becoming too large. It should directly contain very few, if any,...
   
8. Economic history of India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_India
   The economic history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE), whose economy appears to have depended significantly on trade and examples of overseas trade, notable being Indus-Mesopotamia relations.
   
9. Medieval India - Wikipedia
   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India
   Medieval India. It may be divided into two periods: The 'early medieval period' which lasted from the 6th to the 13th century and the 'late medieval period' which lasted from the 13th to the 16th century, ending with the start of the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal era, from the 16th century to the 18th century,...
   
10. History of the Jews in India - Wikipedia
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India
    While some Jews state their ancestors arrived in India during the time of the Kingdom of Judah, others identify themselves as descendants of Israel's Ten Lost Tribes. It is estimated that India's Jewish population peaked at around 20,000 in the mid-1940s, and began to rapidly decline due to their emigration to Israel after its creation in 1948.
    
11. Partition of India - Wikipedia
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India
    The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India; the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. Also divided between the two new dominions were the British I
    

1. Also Try
   history of india wikipedia in hindi
   india wikipedia
   brief history of india wikipedia
   

1. 12345Next109,000,000 results
   

1. Search Recommendations
   • Ice Cream Makers on Sale Now
     
   • Heated Slippers
     
   • Design Your Own Bowling Shirts
     
   • Free Cell Phones
     
     

An Indus seal depicting a soldier firing a composite bow was unearthed in Shortugai, Afghanistan, which indicates that Indus people were already familiar with it long before they were depicted in ancient Indian reliefs. Another copper seal from Mohenjo Daro shows a horned hunter holding a composite bow.[6]
The Vedic period[edit]
The Rigvedic tribes of Indo-Aryans were led by their kings (raja) and engaged in wars with each other and other tribes. They used bronze weapons and horse-drawn spoke-wheeled chariots described prominently in the Rigveda. The main share from the booty obtained during cattle raids and battles went to the chief of the tribe. The warriors belonged to the Kshatriya varna.
The Vedas and other associated texts dating to the post-Rigvedic (Iron Age) Vedic period (ca. 1100–500 BC) contain the earliest written references to armies in India. The earliest known application of war elephants dates to this period; the animals are mentioned in several Vedic Sanskrit hymns.[7]
The two great epics of India, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, center on conflicts between the emerging Mahajanapadas and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. They discuss standing armies that used in war chariots, war elephants and even flying machines. The Ramayana describes in great detail the fortifications of Ayodhya. The Mahabharata describes various military techniques such as Chakravyuha used in the Kurukshetra War.

• 
  Map of India during the time of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
   
  
• [url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C4%81ma_going_into_battle.jpg][/url]
  

[Cumster]

( i piched ur ears)

sasurjeee ( darting my nails in)
ache bache bano aur sign kro chaloo be a good boy sasurjee haa 

( pagal ho gya hai ye budha lol)

Cs: acha ek kaam karte hai

Jaise jaise mein jar ek page par sign karunga

Waise waise tumhara ek ek kapda utaarta jaunga

[divya01]

Cs: acha ek kaam karte hai

Jaise jaise mein jar ek page par sign karunga

Waise waise tumhara ek ek kapda utaarta jaunga

cumster ki maa mere baap se roz bistar me chudti hai..... islie vo inbox me gaaliya deta hai randi ki aulad gb road par thukne vaali maa ki aulad


An Indus seal depicting a soldier firing a composite bow was unearthed in Shortugai, Afghanistan, which indicates that Indus people were already familiar with it long before they were depicted in ancient Indian reliefs. Another copper seal from Mohenjo Daro shows a horned hunter holding a composite bow.[6]
The Vedic period[edit]
The Rigvedic tribes of Indo-Aryans were led by their kings (raja) and engaged in wars with each other and other tribes. They used bronze weapons and horse-drawn spoke-wheeled chariots described prominently in the Rigveda. The main share from the booty obtained during cattle raids and battles went to the chief of the tribe. The warriors belonged to the Kshatriya varna.
The Vedas and other associated texts dating to the post-Rigvedic (Iron Age) Vedic period (ca. 1100–500 BC) contain the earliest written references to armies in India. The earliest known application of war elephants dates to this period; the animals are mentioned in several Vedic Sanskrit hymns.[7]
The two great epics of India, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, center on conflicts between the emerging Mahajanapadas and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. They discuss standing armies that used in war chariots, war elephants and even flying machines. The Ramayana describes in great detail the fortifications of Ayodhya. The Mahabharata describes various military techniques such as Chakravyuha used in the Kurukshetra War.

• 
  Map of India during the time of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
   
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  
  
  
• V
  
  
  
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  
  
  
  

[divya01]

cumster ki maa mere baap se roz bistar me chudti hai..... islie vo inbox me gaaliya deta hai randi ki aulad gb road par thukne vaali maa ki aulad


An Indus seal depicting a soldier firing a composite bow was unearthed in Shortugai, Afghanistan, which indicates that Indus people were already familiar with it long before they were depicted in ancient Indian reliefs. Another copper seal from Mohenjo Daro shows a horned hunter holding a composite bow.[6]
The Vedic period[edit]
The Rigvedic tribes of Indo-Aryans were led by their kings (raja) and engaged in wars with each other and other tribes. They used bronze weapons and horse-drawn spoke-wheeled chariots described prominently in the Rigveda. The main share from the booty obtained during cattle raids and battles went to the chief of the tribe. The warriors belonged to the Kshatriya varna.
The Vedas and other associated texts dating to the post-Rigvedic (Iron Age) Vedic period (ca. 1100–500 BC) contain the earliest written references to armies in India. The earliest known application of war elephants dates to this period; the animals are mentioned in several Vedic Sanskrit hymns.[7]
The two great epics of India, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, center on conflicts between the emerging Mahajanapadas and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. They discuss standing armies that used in war chariots, war elephants and even flying machines. The Ramayana describes in great detail the fortifications of Ayodhya. The Mahabharata describes various military techniques such as Chakravyuha used in the Kurukshetra War.

• 
  Map of India during the time of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
   
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
• V
  
  
  
  
  
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    
  • CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
    

• CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
  

[divya01]

• CUMSTEER KI MAA KA BHOSDA
  

This page or section needs to be cleaned up. Please help clean the page if you can. For tips on making this article better, read "How to edit a page" and "How to write Simple English pages". (April 2009)
The History of India covers thousands of years and discusses many diverse languages, cultures, periods, and dynasties. It may be divided in the following parts:
Contents

• 1Stone age
  • 1.1Paleolithic era
    
  • 1.2Mesolithic
    
  • 1.3Neolithic
    
• 2Bronze Age
  
• 3Vedic civilization
  
• 4Persian and Greek invasion
  
• 5The Magadha empire
  
• 6Early middle kingdoms
  • 6.1Satavahana empire
    
  • 6.2Western Kshatrapas
    
  • 6.3Indo-Scythians
    
  • 6.4Gupta dynasty
    
  • 6.5Hun invasion
    
• 7Late Middle Kingdoms
  • 7.1Harsha's empire
    
  • 7.2The Pratiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas
    
  • 7.3The Rajputs
    
  • 7.4Vijayanagar empire
    
• 8Islamic sultanates
  • 8.1Delhi sultanate.
    
  • 8.2The Kingdom of Mysore
    
  • 8.3The Punjab
    
  • 8.4Durrani Empire
    
• 9Colonial era
  • 9.1Company Raj
    
  • 9.2The British
    
  • 9.3Independence
    
• 10Republic of India
  
• 11Related pages
  
• 12References
  
• 13More reading
  
• 14Other websites
  

Stone age[change | change source]

[/url]
Bhimbetka rock painting, Madhya Pradesh, India (c. 30,000 years old)

Neolithic (5000 BC) carving of Edakkal Caves in Kerala, India

Paleolithic era[change | change source]
Remains (stone tools and a skull) in central India show presence of an early species of man, Homo erectus.[1] Archeologists think they lived in India between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the paleolithic era.
The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the paleolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.[2] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across India, Pakistan and Nepal.[3]
Mesolithic[change | change source]
Modern humans (Homo sapiens) settled in the Indian subcontinent at least 12,000 years ago. At that time the last ice age had just ended and climate became warm and dry. First settlements of human beings in India are found in Bhimbetka, a place near Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh, India). Mesolithic people lived on hunting, fishing and food gathering.
Neolithic[change | change source]
Neolithic agriculture sprang up in the Indus Valley region around 7000 years ago, in the lower Gangetic valley around 5000 years ago. Later, in South India, agriculture spread southwards and also into Malwa around 3800 years ago.
Bronze Age[change | change source]
Main article: Indus Valley Civilisation

The "Priest King" of the Indus Valley Civilisation

The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 5300 years ago with the early Indus Valley Civilisation, which included cities such as Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, and Kalibanga. The civilization was based on the Indus River and its tributaries, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley,[4] the Ganges-Yamuna Doab,[5] Gujarat,[6] and southeastern Afghanistan.[7] Today, the civilization's old territory is split between India and Pakistan. In Pakistan, the provinces of Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan overlap with ex-Indus Valley territory. In India, the provinces Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan also share territory with the Indus Valley Civilization.
The first cities on the Indian subcontinent were part of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[8] They made the Indus Valley Civilization similar to early Mesopotamian civilisations and Ancient Egypt.[9] Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin.
The mature Indus civilization flourished from about 4600 to 3900 years ago. The civilization included urban centers such as Dholavira, Kalibanga, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, and Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The cities were built of brick, with roadside drainage system and multistoried houses.
During the later period of this civilisation, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge. By about 3700 years ago, most of the cities were abandoned. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly. Some parts of the Indus Civilization may have survived in the smaller villages and isolated farms.
Vedic civilization[change | change source]
The Vedas are the oldest teachings of India, though the transmission of these teachings was mainly oral until around the 5th century. There are four Vedas, and the first one is the Rigveda. As per Rigveda the whole regions in which the Aryans were first settled in India was called as the Land of 7 Rivers or SaptaSindhawa .The other three are Samveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas have verses in praise of gods and others. They also have other information. At that time, the society was pastoral.
After the Rigveda, society became more agricultural. People became divided into four classes depending on the type of the work. Brahmins were priests and teachers. Kshatriyas were the warriors. Vaishyas did agriculture, trading and commerce. The shudras were the general working class. A common misconception is that the Vaishyas and Shudras were generally looked down upon, and treated badly by Brahmins and Kshatriyas, which was true for the later part of the Vedic age. But was untrue for the earlier part. This type of social division is called the Varna system in Hinduism.
During the period of the Vedic civilization, there were many Aryan clans and tribes. Some of them combined and became bigger like the kingdom of the Kurus.
Persian and Greek invasion[change | change source]
Around the 5th century BC, north-western parts of India faced invasion by the Achaemenid Empire and by the Greeks of Alexander the Great. A Persian way of thinking, administration and lifestyle came to India. This influence became bigger during the Mauryan dynasty.
From around 520 BC, the Achaemenid Empire’s Darius I ruled large part of northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Alexander later conquered these areas. Achaemenid rule lasted about 186 years. In modern times, there are still traces of this Greek heritage to be found in parts of northwestern India.
Greco-Buddhism (also spelled as Græco-Buddhism) is a combination of the cultures of Greece and Buddhism. This mixture of cultures continued to develop for 800 years, from the 4th century BC until the 5th century AD. The area where it happened is modern day’s Afghanistan and Pakistan. This mixture of cultures influenced Mahayana Buddhism and spread of Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan and Tibet.
The Magadha empire[change | change source]
The Magadha formed one of the sixteen kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges. Its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna).
Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal,[10] followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Odhishaa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It was also mentioned in the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, .[11] The state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier than 600 BC.
Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advances in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. This was the Indian "Golden Age".
Early middle kingdoms[change | change source]
Satavahana empire[change | change source]
The Satavahanas came to power from around 230 BC. They are also called Andhras. For about 450 years, many Satavahanas kings ruled most parts of the southern and central India.
Western Kshatrapas[change | change source]
For about 350 years, from the years 35-405, Saka kings ruled India. They ruled the western and central parts of India. These areas are in today's states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. There were 27 independent rulers, collectively known as the Kshatrapas.
Saka kings ruled India along aside the Kushan kings and the Satvahana kings. Kushan kings ruled the northern parts of India. Satvahana kings ruled the central and some of the southern parts of India.
Indo-Scythians[change | change source]
Indo-Scythians came to India from Siberia passing through several places like Bactria, Sogdiana, Kashmir and Arachosia. Their coming to India continued from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC. They defeated the Indo-Greek rulers of India, and ruled India from Gandhara to Mathura.
Gupta dynasty[change | change source]
The Gupta dynasty reigned from around 320 to 550 AD. The Gupta Empire covered most of North-central India, and what is now western India and Bangladesh. Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. The time of the Gupta Empire is seen as the Golden Age of India. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.
Hun invasion[change | change source]

The fighting [url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns]Huns.

By the first half of the fifth century, a group of people known as Huns had settled in A

[divya01]

[/url]

• • 7.1Harsha's empire
    
  • 7.2The Pratiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas
    
  • 7.3The Rajputs
    
  • 7.4Vijayanagar empire
    
• 8Islamic sultanates
  • 8.1Delhi sultanate.
    
  • 8.2The Kingdom of Mysore
    
  • 8.3The Punjab
    
  • 8.4Durrani Empire
    
• 9Colonial era
  • 9.1Company Raj
    
  • 9.2The British
    
  • 9.3Independence
    
• 10Republic of India
  
• 11Related pages
  
• 12References
  
• 13More reading
  
• 14Other websites
  

Stone age[change | change source]

Bhimbetka rock painting, Madhya Pradesh, India (c. 30,000 years old)

Neolithic (5000 BC) carving of Edakkal Caves in Kerala, India

Paleolithic era[change | change source]
Remains (stone tools and a skull) in central India show presence of an early species of man, Homo erectus.[1] Archeologists think they lived in India between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the paleolithic era.
The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the paleolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.[2] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across India, Pakistan and Nepal.[3]
Mesolithic[change | change source]
Modern humans (Homo sapiens) settled in the Indian subcontinent at least 12,000 years ago. At that time the last ice age had just ended and climate became warm and dry. First settlements of human beings in India are found in Bhimbetka, a place near Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh, India). Mesolithic people lived on hunting, fishing and food gathering.
Neolithic[change | change source]
Neolithic agriculture sprang up in the Indus Valley region around 7000 years ago, in the lower Gangetic valley around 5000 years ago. Later, in South India, agriculture spread southwards and also into Malwa around 3800 years ago.
Bronze Age[change | change source]
Main article: Indus Valley Civilisation

The "Priest King" of the Indus Valley Civilisation

The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 5300 years ago with the early Indus Valley Civilisation, which included cities such as Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, and Kalibanga. The civilization was based on the Indus River and its tributaries, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley,[4] the Ganges-Yamuna Doab,[5] Gujarat,[6] and southeastern Afghanistan.[7] Today, the civilization's old territory is split between India and Pakistan. In Pakistan, the provinces of Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan overlap with ex-Indus Valley territory. In India, the provinces Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan also share territory with the Indus Valley Civilization.
The first cities on the Indian subcontinent were part of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[8] They made the Indus Valley Civilization similar to early Mesopotamian civilisations and Ancient Egypt.[9] Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin.
The mature Indus civilization flourished from about 4600 to 3900 years ago. The civilization included urban centers such as Dholavira, Kalibanga, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, and Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The cities were built of brick, with roadside drainage system and multistoried houses.
During the later period of this civilisation, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge. By about 3700 years ago, most of the cities were abandoned. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly. Some parts of the Indus Civilization may have survived in the smaller villages and isolated farms.
Vedic civilization[change | change source]
The Vedas are the oldest teachings of India, though the transmission of these teachings was mainly oral until around the 5th century. There are four Vedas, and the first one is the Rigveda. As per Rigveda the whole regions in which the Aryans were first settled in India was called as the Land of 7 Rivers or SaptaSindhawa .The other three are Samveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas have verses in praise of gods and others. They also have other information. At that time, the society was pastoral.
After the Rigveda, society became more agricultural. People became divided into four classes depending on the type of the work. Brahmins were priests and teachers. Kshatriyas were the warriors. Vaishyas did agriculture, trading and commerce. The shudras were the general working class. A common misconception is that the Vaishyas and Shudras were generally looked down upon, and treated badly by Brahmins and Kshatriyas, which was true for the later part of the Vedic age. But was untrue for the earlier part. This type of social division is called the Varna system in Hinduism.
During the period of the Vedic civilization, there were many Aryan clans and tribes. Some of them combined and became bigger like the kingdom of the Kurus.
Persian and Greek invasion[change | change source]
Around the 5th century BC, north-western parts of India faced invasion by the Achaemenid Empire and by the Greeks of Alexander the Great. A Persian way of thinking, administration and lifestyle came to India. This influence became bigger during the Mauryan dynasty.
From around 520 BC, the Achaemenid Empire’s Darius I ruled large part of northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Alexander later conquered these areas. Achaemenid rule lasted about 186 years. In modern times, there are still traces of this Greek heritage to be found in parts of northwestern India.
Greco-Buddhism (also spelled as Græco-Buddhism) is a combination of the cultures of Greece and Buddhism. This mixture of cultures continued to develop for 800 years, from the 4th century BC until the 5th century AD. The area where it happened is modern day’s Afghanistan and Pakistan. This mixture of cultures influenced Mahayana Buddhism and spread of Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan and Tibet.
The Magadha empire[change | change source]
The Magadha formed one of the sixteen kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges. Its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna).
Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal,[10] followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Odhishaa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It was also mentioned in the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, .[11] The state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier than 600 BC.
Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advances in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. This was the Indian "Golden Age".
Early middle kingdoms[change | change source]
Satavahana empire[change | change source]
The Satavahanas came to power from around 230 BC. They are also called Andhras. For about 450 years, many Satavahanas kings ruled most parts of the southern and central India.
Western Kshatrapas[change | change source]
For about 350 years, from the years 35-405, Saka kings ruled India. They ruled the western and central parts of India. These areas are in today's states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. There were 27 independent rulers, collectively known as the Kshatrapas.
Saka kings ruled India along aside the Kushan kings and the Satvahana kings. Kushan kings ruled the northern parts of India. Satvahana kings ruled the central and some of the southern parts of India.
Indo-Scythians[change | change source]
Indo-Scythians came to India from Siberia passing through several places like Bactria, Sogdiana, Kashmir and Arachosia. Their coming to India continued from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC. They defeated the Indo-Greek rulers of India, and ruled India from Gandhara to Mathura.
Gupta dynasty[change | change source]
The Gupta dynasty reigned from around 320 to 550 AD. The Gupta Empire covered most of North-central India, and what is now western India and Bangladesh. Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. The time of the Gupta Empire is seen as the Golden Age of India. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.
Hun invasion[change | change source]

The fighting [url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns]Huns.

By the first half of the fifth century, a group of people known as Huns had settled in A

Vijayanagar empire[change | change source]

In 1336, two brothers named Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in an area which is now in Karnataka state of India. The most famous king of this empire was Krishnadevaraya. In 1565, rulers of this empire were defeated in a battle. But, the empire continued for about next one hundred years.

A number of kingdoms of south India had trading relations with the Arabs in the west, and with Indonesia and other countries of the east.

Islamic sultanates[change | change source]

Islam spread across the Indian subcontinent over a period of 500 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi. In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which lasted for 200 years. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, southern India was dominated by Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties. During this time, the two systems—the prevailing Hindu and Muslim—mingled, left lasting cultural influences on each other.

Delhi sultanate.[change | change source]

The Delhi sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi. It ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526) Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate. They are the mamaluk, khilji, tughlaq, sayyid and the lodi dynasties. The mamluk dynasty was started by Qutbuddin Aibak. He was a slave and thus this dynasty is also called Slave Dynasty. Qutubuddin Aibak also made Qutub minar. His son in law, Iltutmish became the ruler after Qutubuddin aibak. He completed the qutub minar.

The Kingdom of Mysore[change | change source]

The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India. People known as Wodeyars founded this kingdom in the year 1400. Later on, Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan, fought with the Wodeyar rulers. They also fought with the forces of the British Raj, but were defeated. Under the British Raj, Wodeyar kings continued to rule a large part of Karnataka. When India became independent on 15th August 1947, Wodeyars’ kingdom chose to become a part of India.

The Punjab[change | change source]

Guru Nanak founded Sikhism and his followers were called Sikhs. The power of Sikhs continued to increase in the northwestern part of India. The Sikhs became rulers of large part of the northwestern India. This is called the Sikh Kingdom or Empire. Ranjit Singh was the most famous ruler of the Sikh Empire. He expanded the borders of the Sikh Empire and at the time of his death, this empire covered areas of Punjab, and present day Kashmir and parts of Pakistan. The Sikhs and forces of the British Raj fought many wars. Till Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alive, Britishers were not able to cross the Sutlej river. After his death, the they took over the entire Punjab after battles with disorganised Sikh troops.

Durrani Empire[change | change source]

For a short period, a person named Ahmed Shah Durrani the founder of Afghanistan ruled some parts of northwestern India. Historians have named his rule as the Durrani Empire. In 1748, he crossed the Indus River and attacked Lahore, now a part of Pakistan. He also attacked many parts of Punjab. Then, he attacked Delhi. At that time, Delhi was the capital of the Mughal Empire. He took many valuable things from India. This included the Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan and the famous diamond named Kohinoor.

Colonial era[change | change source]

Colonial period means the time when Western countries ruled India. Western countries also ruled many other countries of Asia, Africa, and South America.

Company Raj[change | change source]

Starting in the 1600s the British East India Company began a very profitable trading empire in India, centered in Bengal. In the mid-1700s Robert Clive (1725-1774) led the Company to an expanded influence in India with victories over the French, the Bengalis, and the Mughals. With a victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal.

In the hundred years after the battle, the East India Company conquered the entire subcontinent of India. They did this by trade, political intrigue, and direct military action. The British were very efficient administrators of their domains. But in 1857 the Indian Mutiny almost destroyed the Company's rule of India. Afterward the British government took control away from the Company. In 1858, India became a part of the British Empire and Queen Victoria became the empress of India.

The British[change | change source]
For ninety years the British ruled India and Burma as a unified territ